Birch & Gaydon, and Zenith

Copyright © David Boettcher 2005 - 2023 all rights reserved.

Birch & Gaydon was a business of retail jewellers, silversmiths and watchmakers that was taken over by Asprey & Co. Ltd. in 1959. The business began in the eighteenth century as a watch repairer, and during the nineteenth century manufactured watches. By 1900 increased competition from Switzerland and America meant that the traditional English craft methods of watch manufacture were no longer economically viable so the business concentrated on retailing watches, jewellery and items made by others.

The company can trace its roots back to around 1760. It was established by William Turner, a watchmaker, at 18 Cornhill in the City of London, close to the Bank of England. In 1825 Turner moved his business to 167 Fenchurch St. London.

By 1833 the business had relocated to number 173 Fenchurch Street. William Turner died in 1839 and in 1840 the business passed into the hands of William Birch. Birch might have been an apprentice to Turner, but it seems more likely that he purchased the business after Turner's death since William Turner's will instructed his executors to:

as soon as conveniently may be ... make sale and dispose of to the best advantage in their power my stock in trade and goodwill as a watch and clockmaker and jeweller ...

In 1874 the company relocated across the road to 172 Fenchurch Street.

Whatever his background, William Birch had ambitions to be more than a repairer of other people's watches and became a watch manufacturer in his own right by the traditional English hand craft method of putting out. Between 1840 and 1860, Birch manufactured by this method about 30 watches per year. From 1860 to 1880 this declined to around a dozen per annum, then from 1880 to 1900 rose to around 30 a year. Output fell of sharply in the years after 1900 and by 1920 had ceased altogether.

William Birch was born in 1815 and died aged 88 in 1903. Henry Martin Gaydon had joined William Birch in 1877 as a partner, the partnership was named Birch and Gaydon. William Birch retired from the partnership on 29 September 1883. Birch & Gaydon, described at the time of Birch's retirement as chronometer makers, goldsmiths and jewellers at 172 Fenchurch Street, continued with Gaydon as sole partner.

In 1904 Birch & Gaydon moved to 153 Fenchurch St. as the premises at number 172 were being demolished.

Ownership of Birch & Gaydon passed to Henry Gaydon's son William, who sold the business to Asprey & Co. Ltd. in 1959. Asprey continued to use the name Birch & Gaydon for some time, referring to it as their branch in the City of London. Asprey adverts in the 1960s said:

The city man will find a usefully close-at-hand service at Asprey and Birch & Gaydon, 153 Fenchurch Street where, besides the comprehensive stock held, any pieces can be sent from Bond Street at short notice.

NB: Some references give the name of Birch's partner as Peter Gaydon. This is incorrect, as can be seen from the entry in the London Gazette for 4 January 1884 shown here, which records the retirement of William Birch and the continuation of the business under Henry Martin Gaydon alone.

John Barwise

The advert in the section below about Land & Water watches notes that the West End branch at 19 Piccadilly Arcade had previously been the premises of the company John Barwise. The Barwise company was another well known London watchmaker, although a retailer only.

The Barwise company was started by John Barwise (1758-1820). He had been born in 1756 in Cockermouth, Cumberland, the son of Lot Barwise a clock maker. He appears to have gone to London in his early twenties, some time before 1780, when he opened a watch retailing business. From 1790 to 1851 he was living and working at 29 St Martin's Lane in the City of London. In 1790 he married Elizabeth Weston, daughter of William Weston, a dial enameller who worked for Barwise. In the years 1810 to 1820 Barwise was considered to be one of the best watchmakers in London, although the watches were supplied to him by others.

John Barwise Senior died in 1820 at age 64. The business was carried on by his sons, Weston Barwise (1793–1826) (named after his mother's maiden name) and John Barwise (1795–1869). The brothers married the two daughters of a wealthy London stockbroker, Charles Baumer. Weston married Frances (Fanny) and John married her sister Eliza. On 1 March 1821 John Barwise was admitted a member of the Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest volunteer regiment in the country, followed by Weston Barwise in June the same year. Weston Barwise died in 1826 at the age of only thirty three.

John Barwise junior carried on the business alone until, as an investor and Managing Director, he was financially ruined in 1846 by the collapse of the British Watch and Clock Manufacturing Company, Pierre Frédéric Ingold's attempt to introduce machine manufacturing of watches into England. He attempted to carry on in business, but the debt was too much and in 1853 he was recorded as “late of No. 7, Grove-lane, Camberwell, Surrey, out of business. In the Gaol of Surrey.” He was in the care of the Court for Relief of Insolvent Debtors in February 1854.

The business name John Barwise survived as a trading name long after the family quit the business. In 1854 the assets and substantial debts of the firm were acquired by Lattey & Co. using funds obtained illegitimately from the London & Eastern Bank. The business was moved to 69 Piccadilly and Julius Rochat, who had been working at Barwise as a watchmaker, was appointed manager. Lattey & Co. were liquidated in 1857 when the fraud came to light and the Barwise business was bought by Douglas Guillaume Cavé.

Both Julius Rochat and Douglas Guillaume Cavé, of No. 127, Mount-street, Grosvenor-square, were made bankrupt in 1869.

In 1871 D. Cavé advertised himself as successor to the late John Barwise, which implies that he somehow kept hold of the business, or at least the trading name, throughout his bankruptcy.

A notice dated October 1875 announced the removal of ‘John Barwise, chronometer, watch and clock maker to the Queen and Royal Family’ from 69 Piccadilly to No. 40 St. James' street.

In February 1882 a Petition for Liquidation by Arrangement was published in the name of Douglas Guillaume Cave, 40 St. James-street and 100 Maida-vale, jeweller and goldsmith, trading as Barwise and late of 69, Piccadilly, all in Middlesex. On 28 July 1882 a first and final dividend of 3s in the pound was declared, to be paid to debtors on 8 August. It seems unlikely that Cavé could bounce back after this; no one would let him have credit, and with no capital or credit he could not have stocked a shop.

In 1895 a notice announced that John Barwise, Watch & Clock Maker, had removed from 40 St. James's Street to 11 King Street, St. James's.

I have a Zenith wristwatch in a silver jointed double back case. The inner cover is engraved ‘Birch & Gaydon, 153 Fenchurch St. EC and John Barwise, 19 Piccadilly Arcade London W.’ The hallmarks date the watch to 1914 or 1915.

John Barwise was still recorded in 1988 as a subsidiary of Asprey.

Much of the information above comes from ‘Barwise & Sons: Watchmakers to the King. A brief history of the family and firm’ by A. D. Stewart in the March 2014 Journal of the Antiquarian Horological Society.

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World War One Wristwatches

During World War One Birch & Gaydon sold trench wristwatches under three brand names, Land & Water, Langbourne, and Garfield. These three brands covered three different price points. Land & Water wristwatches were made by Zenith and were the most expensive. Langbourne watches were made by Tavannes and were less expensive. Garfield wristwatches have a Fontainemelon movement and were the least expensive. Although there were three different price points, none of these watches were cheap. Birch & Gaydon were one of the very top London jewellers and only sold the best quality items. From a collector's point of view an early and named model wristwatch with a good quality movement and a provenance like that has got to be worth having.

Land & Water

There were two different designs of screw cased watches that carried the Land & Water name, one with no case back, the bezel unscrews and the movement lifts out from the front, the other with a screw bezel and screw back. Both of the different designs of Land & Water wristwatches have Zenith movements.

The Land & Water wristwatches are described in more detail in the section Land & Water wristwatches.

Langbourne

The Langbourne watches with Tavannes movements have screw back and bezel case similar to the Submarine watch that was also made by Tavannes. However, the Langbourne case is not waterproof; it does not have the gland in the pendant for sealing the stem, or the recesses for gasket in the screw back and bezel that the Submarine case has.

Langbourne cases all carry a reference number 3305910, three lower the reference number seen in all Submarine watch cases, 3305913. This suggests that these numbers are Tavannes case design reference numbers, and that the fully waterproof case of the Submarine watch was a development of the Langbourne case. It is strange that Birch & Gaydon didn't sell the Submarine watch, but Brook and Son of Edinburgh advertised that they were the sole agents so had presumably negotiated an exclusive deal with Tavannes.

Garfield

The Garfield name appears to have been used first on a round trench watch, then later on a cushion cased watch. The Garfield trench watch has a simpler and older design of case than either the Land & Water watches or the Langbourne. The case of the round Garfield trench watch has a single jointed back with no inner cuvette, and a snap on bezel. The cushion case of the later model has a snap on bezel and snap on back. The movements of the two that I have seen were ébauches from the Fontainemelon factory. They were both fully jewelled with Swiss straight line lever escapements. They would have been cheaper than the Zenith or Tavannes movements, which were produced in smaller numbers and this, together with the simpler case construction, shows that the Garfield range was built for a lower price point than the Land & Water and Langbourne watches. However, this doesn't mean that there is anything inherently wrong with them from a collector's perspective. Fontainemelon could turn out excellent movements, they just made their basic movements in large volumes which meant they could supply them at a keen price. If a watch has a Swiss 15 jewel lever escapement movement, then that was pretty well as good as it got at the time, and has never really been improved on. Birch & Gaydon were one of the very top London jewellers and only sold top quality items. From a collector's point of view an early and named model wristwatch with a good quality movement and a provenance like that has got to be worth having.

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Zenith watches

This mark ZWC^O in a triangular layout within a triangular surround is the registered sponsor's mark of Zenith Watch Co. (Great Britain) Ltd. It was entered at the London Assay Office on 16 July 1914 by Herman Frederick Roost, Managing Director.

The company was founded in 1865 by Georges-Emile Favre-Bulle as “Georges Favre-Jacot & Cie”. The first workshop was in the Billodes district of Le Locle; it may have been on the same spot where Breguet had his workshop 1793 to 1796. The first trademark, registered in 1884, was “Billodes” with this name on a garter surrounding an heraldic coat of arms.

In 1897 the trademark "Zenith" was registered in Switzerland. In circa 1914 the company name was changed to Fabriques des Montres Zenith based at Le Locle, Switzerland, with a British branch at 119 High Holborn WC.

In England Birch & Gaydon appear to have been the principal retailer of Zenith watches. Zenith had an office in London and one would think that this meant they must have been dealing with more than just one company.

In Scotland Zenith watches were sold by Brook & Son of Edinburgh.

The wristwatch that I described above with the inner jointed cover engraved Birch & Gaydon and John Barwise was made by Zenith and carries their sponsor's mark ZWC. The date of 1914/15 given by the hallmarks is within the year following the first registration of the ZWC sponsor's mark by Roost.

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Land & Water Wristwatches

Many Zenith wristwatches were sold during World War One by Birch & Gaydon under their brand name "Land & Water". The name "Land & Water" appears to have been taken from a patriotic British newspaper of the same name that was founded in 1914 to report on the progress of the war.

Land & Water magazine began as a section in the "County Gentleman" magazine. During World War One this section was spun off as a magazine in its own right and covered the war in great detail. It was edited by the politician and writer Hilaire Belloc. The image here shows an advert by Birch & Gaydon from Land & Water magazine dated 2 November 1916 for a Land & Water wristwatch. If you click on the advert you should get an enlarged version that is interesting reading. This is the earliest advert I have yet found for these watches.

The hallmarked cases of these watches don't carry Birch & Gaydon's sponsor's mark “B&G”, instead they were imported by the British branch of the Zenith Watch Co. and carry the sponsor's mark ZWC in a triangle.

There were two different case designs used for Land & Water wristwatches during World War One:

• Type 1: This is the design that I have encountered most frequently. This is sometimes thought to be a Borgel case although it is actually quite different. The advert here says the watch has a “special screw in movement” although the movement doesn't actually screw in. No doubt this was because Borgel cased wristwatches, which do have screw in movements, were selling very well to military men, and Birch & Gaydon were trying to appeal to the same market. The front bezel of the Land & Water wristwatch unscrews, and when it is fully unscrewed and lifted away the movement comes with it. Although this is superficially similar to a Borgel case it is actually a quite different design.
• Type 2: The second design is a more conventional case with a screw back and bezel. These are simple to open, on the back there are usually the words “To unscrewrq with an arrow that shows you which way to turn it and a milled edge to grip. It is a normal right hand thread so it is not really difficult to work out which way to turn it if there is no arrow. The front bezel unscrews in exactly the same way. The examples that I have seen of watches with this Type 2 case are smaller than those with the Type 1 case.

In the advertisement, the Land & Water wristwatch is said to be “absolutely damp and dust proof”. This is an exaggerated claim. Although the screw back and bezel makes these areas of the case well sealed, there was no attempt to seal the entry into the case of the winding stem. The Type 1 case has a case stem which must be withdrawn to unscrew the movement, and uses negative or America set movements which require a detent mechanism in the stem tube as described in the detailed section about this case. It would be very difficult, I think impossible, to make this area waterproof. The Type 2 cases use a conventionally stem set movement, and again there was no attempt to seal the entry of the stem into the case to make it waterproof.

The Land & Water Type 1 wristwatch in a silver case with unbreakable glass and luminous dial cost £4 0 0. A special non-magnetic model with a white dial was £4 10 shillings, and a white dial model in a 9 carat gold case was £8 0 0

Both of these different designs of Land & Water wristwatches have Zenith movements.

The Land & Water name was an important brand for Birch & Gaydon and they continued to use it after World War One when the Type 1 and Type 2 designs were created.

Land & Water Type 3

I have seen a watch marked Birch & Gaydon Land & Water with a Zenith movement in an 18 carat swing ring case manufactured by Dennison. The case has Birmingham Assay Office hallmarks for 1934/35, whereas the Zenith movement serial number dates its manufacture to 1938, and an inscription on the back is dated September 1939.

The movement and inscription dates tie together well, but at first sight it seems a long time between 1934/35 and 1938/39 to hold an 18 carat gold case in stock before inserting a newly made Zenith movement. However, since the world was gradually recovering from the great depression this could have happened, so this appears to be a later third type of Land & Water case.

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Land & Water Type 1 Case

The Birch & Gaydon Land & Water wristwatch with a one piece case and screw bezel is quite unusual. The case is sometimes mistaken for the eponymous screw case designed and patented by François Borgel, but it is in fact quite different.

To remove the movement from a Land & Water Type 1 case you unscrew the bezel from the case in a similar way to a Borgel screw case, but in this design there is no need to hold the crown and stem out as with a Borgel case because the movement doesn't turn as the bezel is unscrewed. There is a clever concealed joint between the bezel and the movement carrier ring that allows the bezel to rotate while the carrier ring and movement remain in the same position. Once the bezel is unscrewed from the case it can be lifted away and the movement comes with it.

Once the assembly is clear of the case it can be seen that the movement is held in a carrier ring which has a smooth external surface - unlike a Borgel screw case there are no screw threads on the outside of this carrier ring. The bezel and the carrier ring are held together, but the bezel is free to rotate on the carrier ring so that the movement doesn't turn in the case as the bezel is screwed and unscrewed.

At first glance this seems to be a bit of a mystery, it is not obvious how the rotating joint is formed. The secret is that the bezel is made in two parts. My drawing of a cross section through a Land & Water Type 1 case shows that the bezel has two parts, a lower ring that has an external screw thread which engages with the threads in the case, and an upper ring which carries the glass.

The movement carrier ring has a small external flange at its upper end. This flange sits inside a counter bore in the lower part of the bezel. The upper part of the bezel is a press fit into the counter bore in the lower part. This holds it securely in place but it doesn't trap the flange of the movement carrier ring.

The two rings that make up the bezel are a marvel of the case maker's art. They are extremely thin and delicate and it it is difficult to imagine how they were made, and especially how the screw thread was formed on the outside of the lower ring. They usually fit together so well that it is difficult not to believe that they are one piece, hence the apparent mystery of how the carrier ring is held.

The lower bezel ring has coin edge milling for grip, whereas the upper bezel ring is smooth, you can see this in the photograph of the watch. Once you know this you can gently insert a fine blade into the joint and gently pry them apart, working round as you do so that you don't distort them. I use a blade from a Stanley knife; gently inserting this all the way round the two parts of the bezel are easily and safely separated.

Once the two parts of the bezel are separated the upper ring is lifted away and the lower ring slides down and off the carrier ring. The case screws are then removed and the movement and dial can be pushed out of the carrier ring.

The movement has "negative set" or "American system" keyless mechanism, so a short "case stem" and the crown are attached to the case. A detent mechanism in the stem tube on the case holds the crown in either the winding or hand setting position.

This is also shown in the cross sectional drawing. The detent mechanism is formed by a split spring sleeve, coloured green in the drawing, which holds the stem in position axially but allows it to rotate. The drawing shows the case stem held in the normal "winding" position. When the crown is pulled away from the case the fingers of the split sleeve are pushed aside by the tapered swelling on the stem and then grip it again at the waist on the other side of the swelling. A flange stops the stem being pulled out any further.

The case stem and its detent sleeve are another masterpiece of the casemaker's art. The picture to the left shows the case stem in place in the case. The picture on the right above shows the case stem and sleeve removed from the case and the picture on the right below shows the stem tube on the side of the case.

There are three parts in the stem assembly, the case stem itself, the split sleeve, and an externally threaded hollow plug, coloured red in the cross sectional drawing, which screws into the stem tube and holds the sleeve in place. The sleeve is held axially by the threaded plug but is free to rotate. When it was made the sleeve was fitted into a socket on the end of the plug and the end of the plug swaged over to hold the stem in place. This is different to the arrangement in pocket watches where the plug and sleeve are separate, the sleeve dropping into the pendant onto a shoulder and the plug screwing down to hold it against that shoulder. In this wristwatch case the stem tube isn't thick enough to machine a shoulder for the sleeve to sit on, which is why it is attached to the plug. In the picture of the stem tube you can see a small land that is just big enough to screw the plug down on to but not big enough to allow the same arrangement as in a pocket watch.

Bearing in mind that the square on the end of the stem is only about 1mm square you can get an idea of how tricky it would be to make one of these. The spring sleeve is made from high carbon steel and was hardened and tempered to make it resiliently springy. The stem itself would also be made from high carbon steel and hardened to reduce wear. They have survived the hundred years since they were made in remarkably good condition and work perfectly.

Land & Water Type 1 Wristwatch

The images below are of the Birch & Gaydon Land & Water wristwatch that the case stem was taken from.

These are "as found" pictures before cleaning and restoration. The hands are wrong, they should be poire-squelette shape skeletonised radium luminous hands like the ones shown in the 1916 advert.

The Zenith movement has the clever micro regulator mentioned in the 1916 advert. Those with sharp eyes will notice that the click spring appears to be slightly short and not pressing the recoil click correctly, which could cause problems when winding so needs to be sorted.

The inside case back case of this watch (not shown) has Swiss hallmarks, 925 and a single standing bear, and Glasgow import hallmarks for 1916/1917. The sponsor's mark is Zenith's own registered ZWC^O within a triangular surround.